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Bug hunting with the scientific method
I've never come across a problem I couldn't solve using the following technique / problem solving methodology, and I've come across some tough ones.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method
As much as I might like to, I can't take credit for developing this stuff myself, as it is basically the same pattern that drives all modern science and engineering. I figured if it works for finding out the mathematical laws of the universe, developing nuclear weaponry and space flight, I could probably put it to work to solve my rather humble set of problems as well. It hasn't failed me yet.
I use the scientific method to test my assumptions, when coming across unexpected behaviors, gotchas, bugs, or when I simply don't understand what is going on in a general sense.
In a nutshell, I try to figure out how to break down what is happening into smaller pieces, preferably reducing the complexity of the test case and isolating the behavior I do not understand to the simplest case possible in which it is still exhibited.
Then after I have reduced the monster into a more manageable-sized demon, I attack it with experimentation.
I ask myself: what are my best guesses for what is causing this undesirable behavior? I form reasonable hypotheses. Then I plan for doing a range of experiments that will either validate or invalidate my hypothesis.
The experiments are preferably as simple as possible while still shedding light on the problem, but no simpler.
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